Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the body's own healthy cells. Normally, the immune system protects the body from infection, but in people with SLE, the system mistakenly targets healthy tissue, causing inflammation and damage.
The Role of the Immune System
The immune system is a structure that develops a defense mechanism against harmful bacteria and viruses that enter the body. However, in autoimmune diseases such as lupus, the functioning of this system is disrupted and the body's own tissues are perceived as a threat and attacked.
Who is Affected by SLE?
SLE can occur in any age group, but it is most common in women between the ages of 15 and 45. The rate of occurrence in women is approximately 9 times higher than in men. The disease is also more common in individuals of African, Asian, and Latin American origin.
Causes of SLE Disease
Although the exact cause of SLE is not known, it is thought to develop as a result of a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
Genetic Factors
- First-degree relatives of people with lupus are more likely to have lupus or other autoimmune diseases.
- Some genetic mutations can cause the immune system to function abnormally.
Environmental Triggers
- Sunlight: Prolonged sun exposure can trigger lupus flare-ups.
- Viral infections: Certain viral infections, such as the Epstein-Barr virus, may contribute to the development of lupus.
- Stress: Excessive stress can negatively affect the immune system and trigger disease.
Hormonal Effects
The high prevalence of lupus in women suggests that hormones may play a role in this disease. It has been observed that lupus symptoms may increase during periods when estrogen levels are high, such as during pregnancy and use of birth control pills.
Symptoms of SLE Disease
The symptoms of SLE can vary from patient to patient and can sometimes be mild or severe.
Most Common Symptoms
- Extreme tiredness and weakness
- Joint pain and swelling
- Red rashes on the skin, especially a "butterfly" rash on the face
- High fever
- Hypersensitivity to the sun
- Hair loss
- Kidney problems
Symptoms by Organ
- Kidneys: Blood in the urine, high blood pressure, risk of kidney failure
- Heart: Pericarditis, inflammation of the heart membrane
- Lungs: Inflammation of the pleura, difficulty breathing
- Brain and nervous system: Headaches, memory loss, depression, risk of stroke
Periods of Exacerbation of the Disease
People with lupus experience periods when the disease gets worse (flare-ups) and periods when it gets better (remissions). Flare-ups can be triggered by a variety of factors, including stress, infections, and sun exposure.
Is SLE Disease Dangerous?
Yes, SLE can lead to serious and even life-threatening complications if left untreated.
Effect on Kidneys: Lupus Nephritis
Fifty percent of people with lupus develop severe inflammation of the kidneys. This condition is called lupus nephritis and can lead to kidney failure if left untreated.
Heart and Lung Problems
- It increases the risk of heart attack.
- It can cause inflammation of the pericardium and hardening of the arteries.
- Lung inflammation can cause breathing problems.
Effects on the Nervous System and Brain
- Headache, epilepsy, migraine
- Memory loss, difficulty concentrating
- Risk of stroke and neurological disorders
Effects on Skin and Digestive System
- Scars and discoloration of the skin
- Pain in the digestive system and stomach problems
When lupus is diagnosed early and receives regular treatment, patients can live long, healthy lives.
How is SLE Diagnosed?
Diagnosing SLE can be difficult because its symptoms can be similar to many other diseases, but doctors can confirm the diagnosis with a variety of tests and exams.
Physical examination
The doctor evaluates the physical symptoms of patients suspected of having lupus. The following symptoms are particularly noted:
- Butterfly-shaped rash on face
- Joint pain and swelling
- Oral sores
- Hypersensitivity to the sun
Laboratory Tests
Blood and urine tests play an important role in diagnosing lupus. The most commonly used tests include:
- Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Test: The majority of SLE patients have positive ANA tests.
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): Lupus can cause low red blood cell (anemia), low white blood cell, or low platelet levels.
- Urine Tests: Kidney involvement is assessed by checking for protein or blood in the urine.
- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): It determines whether there is inflammation in the body.
Imaging Methods
Various imaging tests may be done to see the effects of lupus on the heart, lungs, and kidneys:
- X-ray: It shows whether there is fluid accumulation in the lungs and heart.
- Echocardiogram: It determines whether there are problems with the heart valves and membranes.
- Kidney Biopsy: Samples of kidney tissue are examined to understand how the kidneys are affected.
Early diagnosis is of great importance in slowing down the progression of the disease.
Treatment of SLE Disease
Although there is no definitive cure for SLE, various treatment methods are used to relieve symptoms and prevent the disease from damaging organs.
Drug Treatments
The main medications used to treat lupus are:
- Corticosteroids: It reduces inflammation in the body, but long-term use can cause side effects.
- Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID): It is used to relieve pain and inflammation.
- Drugs That Suppress the Immune System: It prevents organ damage by preventing the immune system from working overly actively.
- Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil): It is used especially to relieve skin and joint symptoms.
Lifestyle Changes
It is recommended that lupus patients make some lifestyle changes during the treatment process:
- Balanced diet: It is important to consume vegetables and healthy proteins that are high in antioxidants.
- Exercise: Light exercises can protect joint health.
- Sun Protection: Sun exposure can worsen lupus symptoms, so sunscreen use is recommended.
Alternative Treatment Methods
Some people with lupus may use alternative methods such as herbal treatments, acupuncture, and yoga as a supportive measure. However, these treatments should not be used without a doctor's approval.
Lifestyle Recommendations for SLE Patients
Here are some important recommendations to improve the quality of life of lupus patients:
Diet
- Consume foods rich in omega-3 (fish, walnuts, flaxseed).
- Avoid processed foods and excess salt.
- Protect your bone health by increasing your vitamin D and calcium intake.
Exercise and Physical Activity
- Take light-paced walks.
- If you feel overly tired, reduce your exercise amount.
- Strengthen the body by doing relaxing exercises such as yoga and pilates.
Stress Management
- Practice meditation and deep breathing techniques.
- Strengthen your immune system by maintaining your sleep routine.
- Share your experiences by joining social support groups.
SLE and Pregnancy
Women with lupus require special monitoring during pregnancy.
Management of SLE in Pregnancy
- It is important to get checked by a doctor before getting pregnant.
- Cortisone and immunosuppressive drugs should be used under the supervision of a doctor.
- Regular blood and urine tests should be performed during pregnancy.
Risks for the Baby
- The risk of premature birth is high.
- Although rare, neonatal lupus can be seen in babies.
Lupus patients can have a healthy pregnancy under the supervision of a doctor.
Psychological Support for Those Living with SLE
Lupus can be psychologically challenging because it is a chronic disease. It is recommended that patients receive psychological support to manage this process more healthily.
Coping with Chronic Diseases
- Track your symptoms by keeping a journal.
- Connect with other people with lupus by joining support groups.
- Get support from family members and friends.
Psychological Counseling and Support Groups
- Seek help from a therapist or psychologist.
- Join online lupus support groups.
Misconceptions and Facts About SLE
| Incorrect information | |
|---|---|
| Lupus is a contagious disease. | Lupus is an autoimmune disease and is not contagious. |
| It is only seen in women. | Lupus can also occur in men, but it is more common in women. |
| Lupus is a fatal disease. |
With appropriate treatment, lupus can be controlled. |
SLE is a serious autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system attacks its own healthy cells. If diagnosed early and treated properly, people with lupus can live long, healthy lives. Regular checkups with your doctor, healthy lifestyle habits, and stress management can help keep lupus symptoms under control.
