With the UTIKAD Logistics Sector Report, we are with you once again to take the pulse of the sector. UTIKAD is trying to shed light on the future of the sector by bringing together the activities, transportations, capacity, important developments and relevant legislation of the international logistics sector in Turkey with the sector reports it has been implementing since 2019.
The negative effects of the coronavirus pandemic, which left its mark on 2020, continued in 2021, and the effects of the new variants that emerged during the year were also felt in the global logistics industry.
In order to reduce and ultimately destroy the effects of the virus on personal and social health, vaccine production against the virus was delivered to the citizens of all countries in the world, and a strong recovery process started after the break with COVID-19. With the Type K Recovery experienced in the world in 2021, sectoral-based growths were followed.
In 2021, the logistics industry tried to cope with different crises. Container and global supply chain crises have resulted in high cost increases. The container crisis has made containers both more expensive and inaccessible, directly raising the problem of the global supply chain.
With the easing of pandemic restrictions, the demand for transportation services increased, and there was an increase in freight rates as the orders piled up at the ports due to canceled cruises during the pandemic process.
The driver crisis, which had a worldwide impact, also affected our country closely. Due to the lack of drivers and the lack of personnel to be employed, logistics costs increased.
The closure of the Suez Canal, along with the grounding of the Japanese container ship "Ever Given" on March 23, 2021, caused disruption in global trade.
With the relaxation of the pandemic measures and the increase in energy demands, natural gas and coal prices broke a record.
Despite the crises, global trade showed a recovery trend in 2021 and approached the pre-COVID-19 figures.
In 2021, international regulations that will primarily affect the logistics sector have been announced. One of them was the “Fit for 55” announced by the European Commission in July. With this package, carbon regulation at the border, increasing the use of renewable energy, low-emission transportation modes and the infrastructure to support them came to the fore. Within the scope of the package, another legal regulation envisaging additional tax liability for exports to the European Union was the Border Carbon Regulation Mechanism (SKDM).
Along with the epidemic, new ways of doing business entered our lives and a digital evolution took place in the industry. In this process, e-commerce, automations and decreasing physical contact came to the fore. Ports have become autonomous, customs processes have been improved, infrastructure modernization has been achieved and customs declarations can be made digitally.
When the public investments made in the last 5 years in Turkey are examined, the Transportation and Communications sector took the largest share in the total investment plan in 2021.
According to 2020 data, the contribution of the Transportation and Storage sector to GDP in Turkey was around 8%.
In the International Service Trade Statistics, transportation activities took the largest share in both imports and exports. In 2020, service exports amounted to approximately 25,5 billion USD, while service imports amounted to approximately 23 billion USD.
As of March 2021, the total cash loan debt of the logistics sector amounted to 218 billion TL, the said debt was 156 billion TL in the same period of the previous year. In the 12-month period, the loan debt amount increased by 40,1%. The credit used by the sector was TL 196,793,813,000 in January; At the end of 2021, the loan amount increased by 35%.
In terms of the value of the goods transported, maritime transport has the largest share in both imports and exports in the last 10 years. Road transport takes the second place in terms of value in Turkey's foreign trade transports. Among the transportation types, air transportation ranks third in terms of value in Turkey's foreign trade activities. Railway transportation is the type of transportation that has the lowest share in Turkey's foreign trade. Maritime transport is leading in terms of weight as well as value. The share of road transport in imports is around 2021% in 5,36. Rail transport has a share of less than 10% by weight in both Turkey's imports and exports in the last 1 years. Air transport is the transport type that has the lowest share in Turkey's foreign trade in terms of weight due to its limited capacity.
In the last 10 years, Turkey's foreign trade reached the largest foreign trade volume in 2013. With the exception of 2017, the export-import gap tended to decrease. While the ratio of exports to imports was only 2011% in 56, this ratio increased to 2021% at the end of 83.
When the distribution of Turkey's exports by country groups is analyzed, it is seen that the EU-2020 countries rank first with 2021% at the end of both 27 and 41,3. The share of EU-27 countries in imports was 2020% at the end of 33,4 and 2021% at the end of 31,5. Imports from non-EU European countries in 2020 account for all imports.
While it constituted 16,3%, this rate became 2021 at the end of 16,5.
In 2021, the share of the first 20 countries to which Turkey exports in total exports is approximately 66%, and the share of the first 20 countries from which Turkey exports in total imports is approximately 67%. Germany and the USA are among the top 5 countries in both exports and imports. While the share of China, which is the first country in imports, is 11,88%, its share in exports is 1,63%.
Rail freight transportation stands out as it is a more environmentally friendly, economical and safe mode of transportation compared to other transportation modes. The share of rail transport in Turkey's foreign trade in terms of value is lower than the share of all other modes of transport. In 2020, when the pandemic was effective, it is seen that the share of the railway increased compared to previous years. The increasing demand for rail freight transport is effective in this increase, as it enables contactless trade. The share of rail freight transportation in total import shipments decreased between 2012 and 2018. The rise, which started with 2018, continued in 2019, followed by 2020% in 1 and 2021% in 1,23. There is a similar situation in the share of rail freight transport in total export transports. After the rate of 2011% in 0,93, there was a decrease between 2012-2018. Rates ranging from 0,67% to 0,44% started to increase again in 2019. The rate was 2019% in 0,54, 2020% in 0,77 and 2021% in 0,74. In the process between 2011-2021, 2021 was the year in which the highest load was carried on a total value basis. The share of rail freight transportation in terms of weight in import and export transportation remained below 11% in 1 years. Export shipments fell sharply in 2013, reaching the lowest level of 0,35%. Export shipments started to rise again after this year and reached 2021% at the end of 0,77. Although there are not as big breaks in import shipments as exports, the decline that started in 2011 continued until 2018, and the share that started to rise after 2018 became 2021% at the end of 0,64.
Road transport ranks second in Turkey's foreign trade in terms of value. The lowest rate of road transport in imports between the years 2011-2021 was in 17,88 with 2018%. Road transport had the lowest share in exports in 28, with a rate of 2018%. In 2021, the highest values were reached in international road transport on a value basis. In international freight transport, the freights exported by road had a larger share than the imported freights. Between 2011 and 2021, import shipments have the lowest share with a rate of 2016% in 3,72, while it has the lowest share with a rate of 2020% in exports in 16,79. While the share of import loads on weight basis was at most 5,36% in 2021, the share of export loads on weight basis was in 24,68 with a maximum rate of 2015%. The highest ton value was reached in both imports and exports in terms of weight in road freight transport in 2021.
During the period from 2011 to 2021 in the airline, international cargo traffic showed a greater and linear development compared to domestic cargo traffic. Domestic cargo traffic, which exceeded 2013 tons in 2014, 2015, 2021 and 100.000, had the lowest volume in the last 10 years, with 19 tons due to the COVID-51.043 pandemic. At the end of 2020, domestic cargo traffic was reflected in the statistics as 2021 tons. Total cargo traffic of 111.466 in 2020 increased by 1.368.576% to 2021 tons in 21. At the end of 1.615.709, when we felt the effect of the pandemic mildly, the international cargo traffic volume was 2021 tons and the increase rate was 1.504.243%. In 14, the share of air transport in imports on a value basis was 2011%. While this rate increased to 10,62% at the end of 2020, it decreased to 19,82% at the end of 2021. Its share in exports on a value basis was 11,08% at the end of 2021. The total value of airline import cargoes in 8,40 was approximately 2015% times higher than airline export cargoes, and approximately 16% at the end of 2021. By the end of 39, the share of air freight in import shipments on a weight basis is 2021%. At the end of 0,05, the share of air transportation in export shipments had the lowest rate after 2021 with a share of 2020% in the period under review.
In the period between 2011 and 2021, Turkey's share of import cargoes transported by sea in value basis remained around 2019% until 60; In 2014 and 2015, its share in value basis increased to 69%. However, at the end of 2020, the share ratio, which fell below 60% for the first time, became 2021% at the end of 66,91. The share of maritime transport in exports on a value basis was 2021% at the end of 60,01. The value of maritime export freight, amounting to USD 2011 in 73.576.384, increased by 2021% compared to 2011 and reached USD 82 at the end of 133.752.639. While the total value of import cargoes transported by sea was 2011 USD in 133.440.245, it increased by 2021% at the end of 2011 compared to 18 and reached 157.390.322 USD. In the period between 2011 and 2021, no significant changes were observed in the share of maritime transport in all import transports on a weight basis, but the share of maritime transport in all import transports is approximately 95%. At the end of 2021, it was 93,94%. In the same period, maritime transportation on the basis of weight in export shipments has continuously increased its share as of 2015. While the share of maritime export shipments in all export shipments was 2011% in 73,84, its share was 2021% at the end of 80,96. The weight of goods transported by sea in import shipments was 2021 tons at the end of 213.034.409. At the end of 2021, the weight of export cargo was 144.905.420 tons.
For the Logistics Sector Report 2021 prepared by UTIKAD CLICK HERE
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