Today in History: Rome Became the Capital of Italy

October 2 is the 275th (276th in leap years) day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar. The number of days left until the end of the year is 90.

Railways

• October 2, 1890 District Governor Şakir asserted that a perfect railway should be built between Jeddah and Arafat in Hejaz, where he was on duty.

Events

• 1187 – Salahuddin Ayyubi captured Jerusalem and ended the 88-year Crusader occupation.
• 1552 - Russians under Ivan the Terrible occupied Kazan.
• 1608 - The prototype of the modern telescope is made by Dutch eyeglass maker Hans Lippershey.
• 1836 - Charles Darwin, British Royal Navy HMS Beagle He returned to England from a 5-year voyage on his ship, which included Brazil, the Galapagos Islands and New Zealand. These works were published in 1859. Origin of Species He created the source of his book.
• 1870 - Rome becomes the capital of Italy.
• 1895 – Armenian revolt started in Trabzon.
• 1919 - US President Woodrow Wilson suffered a stroke.
• 1924 - 47 members of the League of Nations signed the mandatory arbitration protocol.
• 1928 – The secret Catholic organization Opus Dei is founded in Madrid.
• 1935 - Italian army enters Ethiopia.
• 1941 - The Germans launched a general offensive against the Soviet Union, known as Operation Typhoon.
• 1948 – Turkish Press Association organized a ceremony for 50 writers who have completed 96 years in the press.
• 1950 – The adventures of the dog named Snoopy, drawn by Charles M. Schulz Peanuts The band cartoon was published for the first time.
• 1953 - West Germany is admitted to NATO.
• 1957 – The foundation of METU was laid.
• 1958 - The French colony of Guinea declared its independence.
• 1966 – Vicente Calderón Stadium opened.
• 1968 – University invasion in Mexico. More than a hundred students died on the intervention of Mexican security forces.
• 1969 – The Supreme Court closed 6 student organizations on the grounds that they were engaged in politics.
• 1970 – A bomb was thrown at the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) building in Ankara.
• 1974 – Former National Unity Committee member General Cemal Madanoğlu and his friends were acquitted.
• 1975 – The USA partially lifted the arms embargo on Turkey.
• 1978 – The Nationalist Movement Party demanded that martial law be declared.
• 1979 – Left-wing militant Necdet Adalı, who raided a coffeehouse and killed 10 people on 1977 July 2, was sentenced to death by the Ankara Martial Law Command No. 1 Military Court.
• 1980 – Ahmet Hilmi Veziroğlu, one of the lawyers of the Revolutionary Confederation of Trade Unions (DİSK), was found dead. Bursa Police Department claimed that Veziroğlu committed suicide by jumping from the Police Building.
• 1980 – President General Kenan Evren addressed the people in Van: “As soon as the Republic is in danger; When the lands entrusted to us by Atatürk, these immaculate lands, were in danger, we could not stop. We were either going to leave or we were going to do this operation.”
• 1984 – After the September 12 Coup, the first strike started at two shipyards in Tuzla.
• 1989 – TRT 3 and GAP TV officially started broadcasting.
• 1990 – A China Airlines Boeing 737 is hijacked, crashes into two planes after landing at Guangzhou airport; 132 people died.
• 1992 – During the exercises in the Aegean Sea, two missiles fired from the US aircraft carrier hit the Turkish destroyer Muavenet; 5 sailors were killed along with the ship's commander in the incident.
• 1996 – A Peruvian Airlines Boeing 757 crashes into the Pacific just after taking off from Lima; 70 people died.
• 1997 – EU member states signed the Amsterdam Treaty.
• 2001 – With the effect of the September 11 attacks, Swissair shares fell sharply and the process that resulted in its bankruptcy began.
• 2006 – Müjdat Gezen Theater was opened by Semra Sezer.

Births

• 1452 – III. Richard, King of England (d. 1485)
• 1568 – Marino Ghetaldi, Ragusan scientist (d. 1626)
• 1616 Andreas Gryphius, German poet (d. 1664)
• 1768 – William Beresford, Anglo-Irish soldier and politician (d. 1854)
• 1828 – Charles Floquet, Prime Minister of France (d. 1896)
• 1832 – Edward Burnett Tylor, English anthropologist (d. 1917)
• 1847 – Paul von Hindenburg, German soldier and politician (d. 1934)
• 1851 – Ferdinand Foch, French soldier (d. 1929)
• 1852 – William O'Brien, Irish journalist and politician (d. 1928)
• 1852 – William Ramsay, Scottish chemist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)
• 1869 – Mahatma Gandhi, Indian independence leader (d. 1948)
• 1886 – Robert Julius Trumpler, Swiss-American astronomer (d. 1956)
• 1890 – Groucho Marx, American comedian and actor (d. 1977)
• 1897 – Bud Abbott, American comedian and actor (d. 1974)
• 1904 – Graham Greene, English novelist (d. 1991)
• 1904 – Lal Bahadur Shastri, Prime Minister of India (d. 1966)
• 1935 – Omar Sivori, Argentine football player (d. 2005)
• 1939 – Özcan Arkoç, Turkish football player and manager (d. 2021)
• 1940 – Murat Soydan, Turkish cinema and TV series actor
• 1941 – Les Lazarowitz, American dubbing and sound engineer (d. 2017)
• 1943 – Paul Van Himst, Belgian football player and manager
• 1945 – Işıl Yücesoy, Turkish cinema and theater actor, sound artist
• 1948 – Siim Kallas, Prime Minister of Estonia
• 1951 – Romina Power, Italian singer-songwriter
• 1951 – Sting, English musician
• 1962 – Çiğdem Anad, Turkish reporter, writer and presenter
• 1966 – Yokozuna, American professional wrestler (d. 2000)
• 1968 – Jana Novotná, Czech tennis player (d. 2017)
• 1969 – Murat Garipağaoğlu, Turkish theater, cinema and TV series actor
• 1970 – Maribel Verdú, Spanish actress
• 1971 – Yosi Mizrahi, Turkish-Jewish theater, cinema and TV series actor
• 1971 – James Root, American musician
• 1971 – Tiffany, American singer
• 1972 – Halis Karataş, Turkish jockey
• 1973 – Lene Nystrøm, Norwegian vocalist, actress and musician
• 1973 – Proof, American rapper (d. 2006)
• 1974 – Michelle Krusiec, American actress
• 1976 – Burcu Esmersoy, Turkish television presenter and actress
• 1976 – Cemal Hünal, Turkish actor
• 1977 – Reginaldo Araújo, Brazilian football player (d. 2016)
• 1978 – Ayumi Hamasaki, Japanese musician
• 1978 – Simon Pierro, German magician and TV presenter
• 1979 – Primož Brezec, Slovenian basketball player
• 1979 – Francisco Fonseca, Mexican football player
• 1981 – Luke Wilkshire, Australian international footballer
• 1982 – Tyson Chandler, American professional basketball player
• 1982 – Esra Gümüş, Turkish volleyball player
• 1984 – Marion Bartoli, Former professional French tennis player
• 1985 – Çağlar First, Turkish football player
• 1986 – Camilla Belle, American actress
• 1987 – Joe Ingles, Australian professional basketball player
• 1988 – Ivan Zaytsev, Russian-born Italian volleyball player
• 1991 – Roberto Firmino, Brazilian football player
• 1993 – Michy Batshuayi, Belgian national football player of Congolese descent
• 1996 – Ryoma Watanabe, Japanese football player

Deaths

• 829 – II. Michael, 820 – Byzantine emperor during 2 October 829 (b. 770)
• 1709 – Ivan Mazepa, Cossack hetman from 1687 to 1708 (b. 1639)
• 1803 – Samuel Adams, American politician (b. 1722)
• 1804 – Nicolas Joseph Cugnot, French inventor and scientist (b. 1725)
• 1852 – Karel Bořivoj Presl, Czech botanist (b. 1794)
• 1853 – François Jean Dominique Arago, French physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and politician (b. 1786)
• 1865 – Karl Klaus von der Decken, German explorer (b. 1834)
• 1892 – Ernest Renan, French philosopher, historian, and philologist (b. 1823)
• 1900 – Hugo Rheinhold, German sculptor (b. 1853)
• 1916 – Dimcho Debelyanov, Bulgarian poet (b. 1887)
• 1920 – Max Bruch, German composer and conductor (b. 1838)
• 1921 – II. William, last King of the Kingdom of Württemberg (b. 1848)
• 1927 – Svante Arrhenius, Swedish chemist and Nobel Prize laureate in Chemistry (b. 1859)
• 1938 – Alexandru Averescu, Romanian field marshal and politician (b. 1859)
• 1946 – Ignacy Mościcki, President of Poland (b. 1867)
• 1953 – Reşat Şemsettin Sirer, Turkish politician (b. 1903)
• 1958 – Marie Stopes, English contraceptive and women's rights advocate (b. 1880)
• 1966 – Faik Üstün, Turkish politician and statesman (b. 1884)
• 1968 – Marcel Duchamp, French artist (b. 1887)
• 1973 – Cemal Sahir Kehribarcıoğlu, Turkish composer and operetta artist (b. 1900)
• 1973 – Paavo Nurmi, Finnish athlete (b. 1897)
• 1985 – Rock Hudson, American actor (b. 1925)
• 1987 – Peter Medawar, Brazilian/Great Britain biologist (b. 1915)
• 1988 – Alec Issigonis, Greek-British designer of the Mini car (b. 1906)
• 1989 – Yalın Tolga, Turkish theater artist (b. 1931)
• 1991 – Dimitrios Papadopoulos I, Patriarch of the Fener Greek Orthodox Patriarchate (b. 1914)
• 1993 – William Berger, Austrian film actor (b. 1928)
• 1996 – Andrey Lukanov, Bulgarian politician (b. 1938)
• 1998 – Gene Autry, American singer and actor (b. 1907)
• 1999 – Heinz G. Konsalik, German novelist (b. 1921)
• 2000 – Amadou Karim Gaye, Senegalese politician, soldier, veterinarian, and doctor (b. 1913)
• 2000 – Elek Schwartz, Romanian football player and manager (b. 1908)
• 2003 – Otto Günsche, German SS officer and Hitler's aide (b. 1917)
• 2005 – Münip Özben, Turkish painter (b. 1932)
• 2008 – Choi Jin-sil, South Korean actress (b. 1968)
• 2008 – Gıyasettin Emre, Turkish politician and Turkey's first independent Member of Parliament (b. 1910)
• 2014 – György Lázár, Hungarian engineer and politician (b. 1924)
• 2015 – Brian Friel, Irish translator and playwright (b. 1929)
• 2016 – Georg Apenes, Norwegian politician, bureaucrat and lawyer (b. 1940)
• 2016 – Neville Marriner, English conductor and cellist (b. 1924)
• 2017 – Donna Ares, Bosnian female pop singer (b. 1977)
• 2017 – Evangelina Elizondo, Mexican actress (b. 1929)
• 2017 – Klaus Huber, Swiss composer, educator and academic (b. 1924)
• 2017 – Friedrich von Löffelholz, Former German racing cyclist (b. 1953)
• 2017 – Paul Otellini, American businessman (b. 1950)
• 2017 – Marcel Germain Perrier, French Catholic bishop (b. 1933)
• 2017 – Tom Petty, American rock singer, composer, musician, producer, and actor (b. 1950)
• 2018 – Smilja Avramov, Serbian academic, lawyer and writer (b. 1918)
• 2018 – Geoffrey Emerick, British sound engineer (b. 1945)
• 2018 – Thampi Kannanthanam, Indian film director, screenwriter, producer and actor (b. 1953)
• 2018 – Roman Kartsev, Russian actor and comedian (b. 1939)
• 2018 – Jamal Khashoggi, Saudi journalist and writer (b. 1958)
• 2019 – Julie Gibson, American actress, dubbing artist, singer, and educator (b. 1913)
• 2019 – Giya Kancheli, Soviet and Georgian composer (b. 1935)
• 2019 – Jafar Kashani, Iranian national football player (b. 1944)
• 2019 – Isaac Promise, Nigerian national football player (b. 1987)
• 2019 – Kim Shattuck, American punk-rock singer and songwriter (b. 1963)
• 2019 – Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi, Indian nephrologist, immunologist, transplant specialist, and stem cell researcher (b. 1932)
• 2020 – Zeki Ergezen, Turkish politician (b. 1949)

Holidays and special occasions

• Storm: Bird Livelihood Storm
• World Nonviolence Day (Nonviolence)