Today in History: Mexican Rebel Poncho Villa Surrender

July 28 is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) according to the Gregorian calendar. The number of days left until the end of the year is 156.

Railways

• 28 July 1858 An example of a specification was prepared for the companies wishing to build a railway in the Ottoman Empire.
• 28 July 1909 The Eastern Railways Operation Company was decided to be converted into the Ottoman Joint Stock Company within 10 months.
• July 28, 1939 The first train went to Askale.

Events

• 1299 - Marco Polo returns to Venice.
• 1402 – Ottoman Sultan Yıldırım Bayezid was defeated by Timur in the Battle of Ankara and was taken prisoner; The "Interregnum" began in the Ottoman Empire.
• 1794 - French revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre is executed by guillotine.
• 1808 – Ottoman Sultan III. Selim, IV in Istanbul. He was strangled on Mustafa's orders.
• 1821 - Argentine general Jose de San Martin enters Lima, proclaiming Peru's independence from Spain.
• 1914 – World War I begins.
• 1920 - Mexican rebel Pancho Villa surrenders.
• 1921 – The Greek War Council, convened in Kütahya, decided to march on Ankara.
• 1929 - Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War, signed by 48 countries.
• 1939 – The railway reached Aşkale.
• 1943 – II. World War II: 42.000 German civilians are killed in fires as a result of the British Royal Air Force bombing of Hamburg.
• 1945 – A B-78 Mitchell bomber crashes into the 25th floor of the Empire State Building in New York, killing 24.
• 1946 – İzmir Journalists Association was founded.
• 1957 – An earthquake struck Mexico, centered on Acapulco.
• 1962 – Director Elia Kazan, America America He started the shooting of the movie in Istanbul.
• 1965 – Vietnam War: US President Lyndon B. Johnson calls for the number of American forces in South Vietnam to be increased from 75.000 to 125.000.
• 1976 – In the 8,2 magnitude earthquake that occurred in Tangshan, China; 242.769 people were killed and 164.851 were injured.
• 1984 – XXIII. The Olympic Games started in Los Angeles.
• 1992 – At the 25th Olympic Games held in Barcelona, ​​weightlifter Naim Süleymanoğlu became the champion in the 60 kg category.
• 1996 – Ömer Lütfü Topal, the owner of the imperial casinos, was killed as a result of crossfire on his way home.
• 1997 – Six police officers surrendered in the Metin Göktepe case.
• 2000 – The European Court of Human Rights rejected the application of the closed RP Chairman Necmettin Erbakan to have his prison sentence suspended.
• 2002 – A fire broke out at the Akçagaz Filling Facilities near TÜPRAŞ. The fire, which could be brought under control in 2,5 hours, caused 3 trillion liras of damage.
• 2008 – The lawsuit filed against the ruling AK Party in Turkey with a request for closure started to be discussed.

Births

• 1635 – Robert Hooke, English scientist (d. 1703)
• 1691 – Edward Cave, English printer, editor, and publisher (d. 1754)
• 1746 – Thomas Heyward Jr., politician best known for signing the American Declaration of Independence as South Carolina delegate (d. 1809)
• 1750 – Fabre d'Églantine, French poet, actor, dramaturg and revolutionary (d. 1794)
• 1804 – Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach, German philosopher and moralist (d. 1872)
• 1866 – Beatrix Potter, English author, illustrator, naturalist, and environmentalist (d. 1943)
• 1872 – Albert Sarraut, French politician (d. 1962)
• 1874 – Ernst Cassirer, German philosopher (d. 1945)
• 1887 – Marcel Duchamp, French surrealist painter (d. 1968)
• 1902 – Albert Namatjira, Aboriginal artist (d. 1959)
• 1902 – Karl Popper, Austrian-born English philosopher (d. 1994)
• 1904 – Elyesa Bazna (Cicero), Turkish spy of Albanian descent (d. 1970)
• 1904 – Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Russian physicist and Nobel Prize laureate in Physics (d. 1990)
• 1909 – Aenne Burda, German entrepreneur (fashion and sewing magazine Here'creator of) (d. 2005)
• 1915 – Charles Hard Townes, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate in Physics (d. 2015)
• 1922 – Jacques Piccard, Swiss engineer (d. 2008)
• 1925 – Baruch Samuel Blumberg, American physician and 1976 Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology or Medicine (with Daniel Carleton Gajdusek) (d. 2011)
• 1925 – Ali Bozer, Turkish lawyer and politician (d. 2020)
• 1927 – John Ashbery, Pulitzer Prize-winning American poet and critic (d. 2017)
• 1929 – Shirley Ann Grau, American author (d. 2020)
• 1929 – Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, wife of US President John F. Kennedy (d. 1994)
• 1932 – Natalie Babbitt, American author of children's books (d. 2016)
• 1936 – Russ Jackson, Canadian football player
• 1938 – Luis Aragonés, Spanish former football player and manager (d. 2014)
• 1938 – Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru
• 1938 – Chuan Leekpai, Thai politician
• 1938 – Luis Aragonés, Spanish football player and manager
• 1942 – Neilia Hunter Biden, American teacher and first wife of United States President Joe Biden (d. 1972)
• 1943 – Judy Martz, American bureaucrat, businesswoman, and former figure skater (d. 2017)
• 1943 – Rick Wright, English musician, songwriter, and keyboardist for Pink Floyd (d. 2008)
• 1944 – Atilla Olgaç, Turkish cinema and theater actor
• 1945 – Faruk Süren, Turkish businessman and former President of Galatasaray
• 1947 – Elena Novikova-Belova, Russian fencer
• 1947 – Peter Cosgrove, 2014th Governor-General of Australia from 2019-26
• 1947 – Sally Struthers, American actress and activist
• 1948 – Ivan Mašek, Czech politician (d. 2019)
• 1950 – Samuel Weymouth Tapley Seaton, fourth and current Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
• 1951 – Santiago Calatrava, Spanish architect
• 1951 – Ray Kennedy, English former international football player
• 1952 – Vajiralongkorn, King of Thailand
• 1954 – Gabi Ashkenazi, Israeli politician
• 1954 – Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela (d. 2013)
• 1954 – Steve Morse, US-born jazz and rock guitarist
• 1958 – Terry Fox, Canadian athlete and cancer treatment activist (d. 1981)
• 1960 – Alexandre Czerniatynski, Belgian football player
• 1962 – Torsten Gütschow, German former football player and manager
• 1964 - Lori Loughlin, American actress
• 1965 – Priscilla Chan, Hong Kong Cantopop singer
• 1965 – Delfeayo Marsalis, American jazz trombonist and record producer
• 1965 – Pedro Troglio, Argentinean former international football player
• 1966 – Marina Klimova, Russian figure skater
• 1966 – Miguel Ángel Nadal, Former Spanish national football player
• 1969 – Alexis Arquette, American actress (d. 2016)
• 1974 – Alexis Tsipras, Greek civil engineer and politician
• 1977 – Manu Ginóbili, Argentine basketball player
• 1978 – Mine Tugay, Turkish cinema and theater actor
• 1980 – Heiko Butscher, German football player
• 1981 – Michael Carrick, English former international footballer
• 1983 – Vladimir Stojkovic, Serbian football player
• 1986 – Semih Erden, Turkish basketball player
• 1987 – Pedro, Spanish football player
• 1988 – Emanuel Biancucchi, Argentine football player
• 1989 – Albin Ekdal, Swedish national football player
• 1990 – Soulja Boy, American hip hop singer and producer
• 1993 – Cher Lloyd, English pop singer and rapper
• 1993 – Ferhat Arican, Turkish gymnast
• 1993 – Harry Kane, English international football player
• 1994 – Daichi Akiyama, Japanese football player
• 2000 – Mero, Turkish-German rapper and songwriter

Deaths

• 450 - II. Theodosius, Eastern Roman Emperor (who built the walls of Constantinople) (b. 401)
• 1527 – Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish explorer and conqueror (b. 1468)
• 1540 - Thomas Cromwell, King VIII. Chancellor of the Parliament of England under Henry (b. 1485)
• 1655 – Cyrano de Bergerac, French poet (b. 1619)
• 1741 – Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer (b. 1678)
• 1750 – Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer (b. 1685)
• 1794 – Louis de Saint-Just, French politician and leader of the French Revolution (b. 1767)
• 1794 – Maximilien Robespierre, French revolutionary leader (b. 1758)
• 1808 – III. Selim, 28th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1761)
• 1818 – Gaspard Monge, French mathematician and founder of Design Geometry (b. 1746)
• 1835 – Édouard Mortier, French general and field marshal (b. 1768)
• 1836 – Nathan Mayer Rothschild, German banker, businessman, and financier (b. 1777)
• 1842 – Clemens Brentano, German writer (b. 1778)
• 1844 – Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples and Spain (brother of Napoleon Bonaparte) (b. 1768)
• 1930 – Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist (b. 1862)
• 1934 – Marie Dressler, Academy Award-winning Canadian film and stage actress (b. 1868)
• 1935 – IV. Meletios served as the 25th Ecumenical Patriarch of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople from 11/1921/10 to 07/1923/260 (b. 1871)
• 1944 – Ralph H. Fowler, English physicist and astronomer (b. 1889)
• 1968 – Otto Hahn, German chemist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1879)
• 1969 – Ramón Grau, President of Cuba (b. 1882)
• 1989 – Nimet Arzik, Turkish journalist and writer (b. 1923)
• 1990 – Jill Esmond, English film and stage actress (b. 1908)
• 1993 – Cemal Madanoğlu, Turkish soldier and leader of the 27 May Coup (b. 1907)
• 1996 – Ömer Lütfü Topal, Turkish businessman (b. 1942)
• 1999 – Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian statistician, economist, and econometrician (b. 1911)
• 2000 – Abraham Pais, Dutch-American physicist and historian of science (b. 1918)
• 2002 – Archer John Porter Martin, English chemist and Nobel Prize laureate in Chemistry (b. 1910)
• 2004 – Francis Crick, English molecular biologist and physicist and Nobel Prize laureate in Medicine or Physiology (b. 1916)
• 2004 – Tiziano Terzani, Italian journalist and writer (b. 1938)
• 2006 – Ayşen Tekin, Turkish actress and voice actor (b. 1953)
• 2006 – Baykal Saran, Turkish actor and director (b. 1937)
• 2011 – Abdul Fattah Yunus, senior military officer in Libya (b. 1944)
• .2013 – Eileen Brennan, American film and stage actress (b. 1932)
• 2014 – Margot Adler, American author, journalist, radio broadcaster, and broadcaster (b. 1946)
• 2014 – Alakbar Mammadov, Soviet football player (b. 1930)
• 2015 – Jan Kulczyk, Polish businessman (b. 1950)
• 2016 – Bualim Bessayih, Algerian diplomat and politician (b. 1930)
• 2016 – Vladica Kovačević, Serbian-born Yugoslav national football player and manager (b. 1940)
• 2016 – Émile Derlin Henri Zinsou, politician from Dahomey (now Benin) (b. 1918)
• 2017 – Enzo Bettiza, Croatian-born Italian novelist, journalist and politician (b. 1927)
• 2017 – Inder Kumar, Indian actor and model (b. 1973)
• 2018 – Guillermo Bredeston, Argentine theater, film and television actor (b. 1933)
• 2018 – Kora Jackowska, Polish singer, musician, composer, voice actor and TV presenter (b. 1951)
• 2019 – Ferruh Bozbeyli, Turkish politician (b. 1927)
• 2019 – George Hilton, Uruguayan actor (b. 1934)
• 2019 – Cesare Rizzi, Italian politician (b. 1940)
• 2019 – Ruth de Souza, Brazilian actress (b. 1921)
• 2020 – Alexander Aksinin, Soviet Olympic athlete (b. 1954)
• 2020 – Badr al-Zamān Qarīb, Iranian linguist (b. 1929)
• 2020 – Junrey Balawing, Filipino record holder, world's shortest man (b. 1993)
• 2020 – Bent Fabric, Danish pianist and composer (b. 1924)
• 2020 – Gisèle Halimi, Tunisian-French lawyer, feminist, politician and essayist (b. 1927)

Holidays and special occasions

• World Hepatitis Day