Today in History: Erdal Eren Sentenced to Death by Military Court

March 19 is the 78th day of the year (79st in leap years) according to the Gregorian calendar. The number of days left until the end of the year is 287.

Railways

• March 19, 1906 The first train from Haifa arrived in Damascus.

Events

• 1279 – In the Battle of Yamen, the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty with a force of 20 thousand defeated the Chinese Southern Song Dynasty of 200 and gained dominance in all of China.
• 1452 – III. Frederick was the last Holy Roman emperor to be crowned by the Pope.
• 1839 - Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre invented the daguerreotype.
• 1866 - The Ottoman Government gave permission for the opening of the Suez Canal.
• 1877 – Ayan Council started its duty.
• 1883 - American shoemaker Jan Ernst Matzeliger revolutionized the shoe industry by inventing the first machine that could completely manufacture one shoe at a time.
• 1899 - Castrol company, which produces automobile oil, is founded.
• 1915 – The first photograph of Pluto, one of the Solar System planets, was taken. However, it was not understood at that time that Pluto was a new planet.
• 1920 - The US Senate refuses to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
• 1920 – Mustafa Kemal issued a circular for the purpose of convening an Assembly in Ankara.
• 1932 - Sydney Harbor Bridge opened.
• 1945 – The US Navy aircraft carrier USS Franklin is bombed by the Imperial Japanese Navy bomber “Ginga”.
• 1945 – The USSR announced in a note that it would not renew the 1925 Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Neutrality.
• 1955 – Erol Güney, Ankara representative of Agence France-Presse (AFP), was stripped of his Turkish citizenship.
• 1965 – In the firedamp explosion at Merzifon's Çeltek Lignite Enterprise; 69 workers were killed and 58 workers were injured.
• 1970 - Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany, and Willi Stoph, Chancellor of East Germany, meet for the first time.
• 1971 – CHP Kocaeli Deputy Prof. Dr. Nihat Erim resigned from his party and was appointed as the Prime Minister.
• 1975 – A coalition of four right-wing parties (AP, MSP, MHP, CGP), which went down in history as the First Nationalist Front Government (MC), came to power.
• 1980 – 19-year-old Erdal Eren, who was tried for the murder of Infantry Private Zekeriya Önge, was sentenced to death by the Martial Law Military Court in accordance with Article 450/9 of the Turkish Penal Code.
• 1980 – The Process Leading to the 12 September 1980 Coup in Turkey (1979 - 12 September 1980): Maden-İş Union launched a strike in 39 more workplaces. First Lieutenant Ömer Koç was killed in front of his wife in a cinema in Diyarbakır.
• 1982 – President General Kenan Evren met with the President of the European Economic Community (EEC) Council of Ministers and the Belgian Foreign Minister Leo Tindemans.
• 1985 – The International PEN Writers Association elected Aziz Nesin as an honorary member. Honorary certificate awarded by Arthur Miller and Harold Pinter.
• 1995 – Operation Steel-1, directed by Osman Pamukoğlu, started
• 1997 – Diriliş Party was closed down because it did not enter two general elections.
• 1998 – In the case of the murder of journalist Metin Göktepe; five police officers were sentenced to 7 years and six months in prison for causing death by using force beyond intent, and six police officers were acquitted.
• 2003 - US troops enter the demilitarized zone on the Iraq-Kuwait border. US planes also started bombing western Iraq.
• 2003 – The Prime Ministry's Memorandum regarding the sending of the TAF to Northern Iraq and the opening of the Turkish airspace to the air elements of the foreign armed forces for 6 months was submitted to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.
• 2006 – Azerbaijan National Resistance Organization was established.
• 2007 – Tens of thousands of people participated in the “No to War” march organized by the “United for Peace and Justice” organization in New York.
• 2007 – 270 miners died in an explosion 108 m below ground at the Ulyanovskaya mining operation in Novokuznetsk city in Russia's Kemerovo Oblast.
• 2011 – To intervene in the 2011 Libyan uprising, Coalition Forces launched the 1973 Libyan bombardment, in line with United Nations Security Council resolution 2011.
• 2016 – A bomb explosion occurred in Taksim, Istanbul. 4 dead and 36 injured.
• 2016 – Flydubai passenger plane crashed during landing, arriving from Dubai city and landing at the airport in Rostov-on-Don, Russia. All 55 passengers and 7 crew members were killed.

Births

• 1434 – Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, seventh shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate (d. 1443)
• 1496 – Mary Tudor, Queen of France (d. 1533)
• 1534 – José de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit missionary (d. 1597)
• 1641 – Abdulgani Nablus, scholar and Sufi from Damascus (d. 1731)
• 1661 – Francesco Gasparini, Italian baroque composer (d. 1727)
• 1750 – Andre Joseph Abrial, French politician (d. 1828)
• 1792 – José María Carreño, president of Venezuela (d. 1849)
• 1801 – Salvadore Cammarano, Italian librettist and dramatist (d. 1852)
• 1807 – Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler (d. 1888)
• 1813 – David Livingstone, Scottish missionary and explorer (d. 1873)
• 1816 – Ekaterine Dadiani, last princess of the Principality of Megrelia (d. 1882)
• 1821 – Richard Francis Burton, English explorer (d. 1890)
• 1832 – Arminius Vambery, Hungarian orientalist (d. 1913)
• 1848 – Wyatt Earp, American lawman (d. 1929)
• 1849 Alfred von Tirpitz, German admiral (d. 1930)
• 1855 – David Peck Todd, American astronomer (d. 1939)
• 1866 – Emilio De Bono, Italian Field Marshal (d. 1944)
• 1873 – Max Reger, German composer, pianist, organist, conductor, and teacher (d. 1916)
• 1882 Gaston Lachaise, American figurative sculptor (d. 1935)
• 1883 – Norman Haworth, English chemist (d. 1950)
• 1883 – Joseph Stilwell, American general (d. 1946)
• 1888 – Josef Albers, American painter (d. 1976)
• 1892 – Mexican Joe Rivers, American lightweight boxer (d. 1957)
• 1894 – Sabiha Sultan, daughter of Sultan Vahdettin (d. 1971)
• 1897 – Joseph Darnand, French soldier (d. 1945)
• 1900 – Frédéric Joliot-Curie, French physicist and Nobel Prize laureate in Chemistry (1958)
• 1905 – Albert Speer, German politician (d. 1981)
• 1906 – Adolf Eichmann, German Schutzstaffel officer (d. 1962)
• 1912 – Adolf Galland, Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe ace pilot (d. 1996)
• 1914 – Jiang Qing, Chinese politician and third wife of Mao Zedong (d. 3)
• 1924 – Abdullah Gegic, Yugoslav origin Turkish football player and coach (d. 2008)
• 1925 – Julio Canessa, Chilean soldier and politician (d. 2015)
• 1931 – Emma Andijewska, Ukrainian-born American poet, writer, and painter
• 1933 – Philip Roth, American writer
• 1936 – Erdogan Alkin, Turkish economist and academic (d. 2013)
• 1936 – Güner Sümer, Turkish theater and film actor (d. 1977)
• 1936 – Ursula Andress, Swiss-born American actress
• 1938 – Dinçer Sümer, Turkish theater writer, director, actor and voice actor (d. 2019)
• 1947 – Glenn Close, American film and theater actor
• 1955 – Bruce Willis, American actor
• 1957 – Abdulkadir Mesduva, Algerian bureaucrat
• 1959 – Ralph David Abernathy III, American politician and businessman (d. 2016)
• 1963 – Mary Scheer, American actress
• 1964 – Mesut Bakkal, Turkish coach
• 1971 – Faruk Beşok, Turkish basketball player
• 1973 – Tolga Tekin, Turkish actor
• 1974 – Onuryay Evrentan, Turkish actor
• 1976 – Alessandro Nesta, Italian football player
• 1978 – Lenka, Australian singer
• 1979 – Hidayet Türkoğlu, Turkish basketball player
• 1979 – Lara, Turkish singer
• 1979 – Rıza Kocaoğlu, Turkish cinema and TV series actor
• 1981 – Burcu Çetinkaya, Turkish rally driver
• 1981 – Kolo Touré, Ivory Coast football player
• 1983 - Evan Bourne, American professional wrestler
• 1985 – Christine Guldbrandsen, Norwegian musician
• 1985 – Yolanthe Cabau, Spanish-Dutch actress and television presenter
• 1993 – Hakim Ziyech, Dutch football player

Deaths

• 1406 – Ibn Khaldun, Tunisian philosopher and historian (b. 1332)
• 1534 – Ayşe Hafsa Sultan, first Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1479)
• 1698 – Władysław Konstanty, King of Poland IV. illegitimate son of Władysław Waza (b. 1635)
• 1721 – XI. Clemens, Pope (b. 1649)
• 1790 – Algerian Hasan Pasha, Ottoman statesman and Grand Vizier (b. 1713)
• 1800 – Joseph de Guignes, French orientalist, sinologist, and Turkologist (b. 1721)
• 1865 – Joseph Lebeau, Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1794)
• 1884 – Elias Lönnrot, Finnish physicist, philologist, and poet (b. 1802)
• 1897 – Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, French traveler (b. 1810)
• 1897 – Andrey Dostoyevsky, Russian architect, engineer, memo, mechanic (b. 1825)
• 1916 – Vasily Surikov, Russian painter (b. 1848)
• 1928 – Emil Wiechert, German geophysicist (b. 1861)
• 1930 – Arthur Balfour, English politician (b. 1848)
• 1940 – Besim Ömer Akalın, Turkish professor of medicine, scientist, non-governmental organizer and Member of Parliament (b. 1862)
• 1943 – Frank Nitti, Italian mafia leader (b. 1886)
• 1950 – Edgar Rice Burroughs, American author (who wrote "Tarzan") (b. 1875)
• 1950 – Norman Haworth, English chemist (b. 1883)
• 1955 – Leonid Govorov, member of the Supreme Soviet and Deputy Minister of Defense (b. 1897)
• 1955 – Mihály Károlyi, first president of Hungary (b. 1875)
• 1965 – Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Romanian politician (b. 1901)
• 1968 – Celil Kiyekbayev, Soviet Bashkir scientist, Turkologist and philologist (b. 1911)
• 1980 – Bedrettin Tuncel, Turkish academic, translator, writer and politician (b. 1910)
• 1982 – Randy Rhoads, American musician (b. 1956)
• 1987 – Louis de Broglie, French physicist and Nobel Prize laureate in Physics (b. 1892)
• 1996 – Virginia Henderson, American nurse (b. 1897)
• 1997 – Eugène Guillevic, French poet (b. 1907)
• 1998 – Hanzade Sultan, grandson of the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Vahdettin, and the last Caliph Abdülmecit Efendi (b. 1923)
• 2003 – Suna Korad, Turkish opera singer (b. 1935)
• 2004 – Haldun Derin, Turkish bureaucrat (who served as the chief of staff of Atatürk, İsmet İnönü and Celal Bayar) (b. 1912)
• 2005 – John Zachary DeLorean, American engineer and founder of DeLorean Motor Company (b. 1925)
• 2008 – Hugo Claus, Flemish novelist, poet, playwright, painter and film director (b. 1929)
• 2008 – Sir Arthur C. Clarke, English science fiction writer and inventor (b. 1917)
• 2010 – Bülent Düzgit, Turkish cartoonist (b. 1947)
• 2016 – Roger Agnelli, Brazilian banker, corporate executive, and businessman (b. 1959)
• 2018 – Hasan Celal Güzel, Turkish politician and bureaucrat (b. 1945)
• 2019 – Ümit Yesin, Turkish actor (b. 1954)